In 2022, spending on research and development (R&D) in Greece amounted to €3,070.30 million, with businesses contributing €1,505.49 million (49%), according to final data published by the National Documentation and Electronic Content Centre (EKT) and sent to Eurostat.

Total expenditure on R&D in Greece was up by €424.35 million compared to 2021 (16% increase). Combined with the 13.8% increase in GDP in Greece in 2022, the R&D intensity indicator, which expresses R&D expenditure as a percentage of GDP, was 1.49%, up from 1.46% in 2021. At the European level, Greece ranks 13th among EU countries in terms of R&D intensity.

At the same time, the number of personnel employed in R&D activities, expressed in full-time equivalents (FTE) yielding full-time equivalent positions, increased to 69,307 FTE for total R&D personnel from 61,702 FTE in 2021 (an increase of 12.3%) and to 51,611 FTE for research personnel from 45,345 FTE in 2021 (an increase of 13.8%).

The business sector's share of total R&D expenditure was 49% (€1,505.49 million), continuing the upward trend of recent years. The participation of the economic activity sectors "Information & Communication" (325.21 million euro), "Professional, scientific, and technical activities" (193.94 million euro), and "Manufacture of basic pharmaceutical products & pharmaceutical preparations" (161.01 million euro) increased. R&D expenditure for the overall information & communication sector, as composed of sub-sectors of manufacturing and services, amounted to €391.54 million, an increase of 27.4%.

The second sector, in descending order of R&D expenditure, was the higher education sector, comprising universities, university research institutes, and university hospitals. In 2022, the sector's expenditure amounted to €906.27 million (29.5% of all R&D expenditure in Greece). R&D activities, in line with international practices for this sector, focused on basic research (€492.74 million) and applied research (€338.94 million). The scientific fields with the highest expenditure were "Medicine and Health Sciences" (€245.48 million), "Engineering & Technology" (€197.07 million), and "Social Sciences" (€194.81 million).

The higher education sector concentrates the most R&D jobs, which in 2022 totaled 32,348 FTE (46.7% of the total), of which 26,655 FTE were research jobs.

Government spending in 2022 amounted to €641.25 million (20.9% of total R&D spending in Greece). The General Secretariat for Research and Innovation oversees research centers; other ministries oversee public research institutions; the Ephorates of Antiquities; the Services of Modern Monuments; public museums; public hospitals; institutions; directorates; and hospitals of the Ministry of National Defense, among other ministries. In total, the state sector's R&D activities for 2022 involved both basic and applied research, with expenditures of €262.06 and €256.93 million, respectively. The main scientific fields in which the state agencies conducted R&D in 2022 were "Medicine and Health Sciences" (€196.71 million), "Engineering & Technology" (€149.62 million), and "Humanities & Arts" (€135.55 million).

Finally, in the area of private non-profit institutions, R&D expenditure amounted to €17.29 million.